Noun Formation: English And Vietnamese

Thing Formation: English And Vietnamese As we as a whole know, word are the most significant unit in one language. We use words regularly, in numerous different fields of life: from work to contemplating, structure casual circumstance to formal circumstance. From word, we can make phrases, sentences to correspondence with one another under numerous structures. Among words, thing is a fairly vital part. Things have a few capacities in sentences. They can be the subject, an item, an appositive, or a supplement (Rakoczy). In this manner, thing development can be perceived as the sub procedure of word-arrangement, and it will share some equivalent trait of word development. My article is planned for distinguishing, examining and differentiating the thing arrangement among English and Vietnamese to amplify the likenesses and contrasts. In light of this paper, I would like to enable my perusers to clear about thing development and help the instructors have a widespread point of view of the unavoidable blunders of learning proces s in both Vietnamese and English students. Thing FORMATION IN ENGLISH Since thing arrangement is the sub-procedure of word-development, it additionally keeps the equivalent morphological standards of word-arrangement. Things are shaped by morphemes too. As indicated by the characterization, we have aggravating, appendage or determination, and transformation. All the more explicitly: Appendage or determination, structures things with joins. Aggravating is the blend of at least two morphemes. Transformation, additionally called zero induction, is the production of a word from a current word with no adjustment in structure (Conversion, 2001). For instance, word shifts from action word to thing without change of its morphemes. There is other thing development, for example, reduplication, cutting, mixing, abbreviations, and acquiring. Reduplication is rehashing a thing with an adjustment in the first place consonant or change in the center vowel. Cutting is a procedure which comprises in the decrease of a word to one of its parts (Marchand:1969). Cutting is otherwise called truncation or shortening. (Cutting, 2001), without changing its importance. Mixing is joining of abbreviated of at least two morphemes to frame another word. Then again, abbreviations are things utilizing the underlying letters in words, phrases, or appropriate names. Last is getting, which really has two sorts: utilizing the specific word from another the language and deciphering it actually, we frequently called the second kind calque or credit interpretation. Thing FORMATION IN VIETNAMESE Like English, thing in Vietnamese was additionally shaped by morphemes. In any case, the thing development from appendage doesn't show up in Vietnamese for what it's worth in English. The free morpheme and bound morpheme in Vietnamese are characterized in an unexpected way. All the more especially, the bound morpheme in Vietnamese can be utilized as a different word. In English, when the bound morpheme remains solitary, it doesnt make a full word. In Vietnamese, thing was shaped by consolidating two free morphemes, two bound morphemes, or one bound morpheme and one free morpheme. Therefore, thing is shaped by aggravating, change along with different techniques, for example, reduplication, cutting, abbreviations, and obtaining. Additionally, on account of the drawn out mastery of the Chineses traditions and French settler, the vocabularies which Vietnamese acquired from Chinese and French are various and different. CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 1. Attachment (Derivation) In this part, I will examine the attachment in English. The joins include prefixes and postfixes. For instance, from the descriptive word exacting, we just need to add the postfixes - cy to frame the thing proficiency. Along with the additions, the prefixes additionally add to the thing development. At the point when we offer another extra il-, we promptly have another thing absence of education which has the contrary significance to the thing proficiency. Therefore, the prefix of thing can change the significance of the beginning, yet it despite everything keeps up the word class. The addition, then again, when be appended to the base, it can change an action word to a thing or other word class. Some average postfixes for thing are: - subterranean insect, - er, - or, - ment㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦. Moreover, prefixes and postfixes contain some given implications which were shown underneath: Prefixes Which means Postfixes Which means Hostile to- Against - tude condition of Mis- wrong, off track - ist vendor, practitioner Post- After - ism regulation, conviction Dis- not, inverse of - ity condition Between between, among - cy condition De- dispose of - eer, - er, - or individual who 2. Compound things In English, aside from some single words are thing themselves, thing can be framed by numerous techniques, for example, some in table Compound examples Models Thing + Noun circulation system, coastline, cabinet Descriptive word + Noun hardboard, blueberry, softball Action word + Noun pool, clothes washer Relational word + Noun inbox, outbox, jacket Action word + Verb make-work, drop-kick Action word + Preposition breakaway, safehouse, takeaway Expressions Compound stock-in-exchange, relative Extraordinary Compound tetragon, paleontology As indicated by the table, there are numerous examples to shape a thing. Be that as it may, we can characterize all the examples into 3 classes: The strong or shut structure: two words were joined as single word. Ex: schedule, writing board. The hyphenated structure: two words are associated by a hyphen. Ex: child in-law, join up. The open or dispersed structure: the word comprises of two longer words, and regularly composed independently. Ex: high court, slow movement. In the mean time, in Vietnamese we have the planned compound thing and the head and-extra compound thing, which were likewise known in Vietnamese are t㠡⠻â « ghã ©p đ㠡⠺â ³ng l㠡⠺â ­p and t㠡⠻â « ghã ©p chã ­nh ph㠡⠻â ¥. The planned compound thing is the thing was worked from two parts with equivalent importance, for instance: ch㠡⠻â £ bã ºa, qu㠡â ºn à ¡o㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦. The planned compound thing frequently communicates the general and engineered meaning which was one primary concern that makes it not the same as the head and frill compound thing. The head and embellishment compound thing is the thing that includes two parts, in which one segment relies upon the other. The optional part will group the fundamental segment. For example: we have the primary part is Ä‘ã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¢ ng, which implies the best approach, and the subsequent one is s㠡⠺â ¯t, a sort of metal that made this sort of way. At the point when we join those two parts, we will have the new thing: Ä‘ã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¢ ng s㠡⠺â ¯t, which really implies railroad so as to recognize with Ä‘ã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¢ ng khã'ng, Ä‘ã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¢ ng th㠡â »y, Ä‘ã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¢ ng b㠡⠻â„ ¢Ã£ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦ 3. Transformation The transformation is an exceptionally intriguing procedure of shaping new word. It happens in both English and Vietnamese. Without changing its structures, we can change the significance of the word, even the word class (however I dont talk about word class-change since this paper is centered around the thing development, not the word arrangement) all the more explicitly, lets analyze these two models: Ex 1: Firstly, in English, with the word stop in 2 sentences The time has come to end the viciousness. I get off at the following stop. In the first, stop implies the demonstration of halting the savagery, however in the subsequent sentence, stop really implies a spot where a transport or train stops normally for travelers to jump on or off. Unmistakably, the type of the thing stop doesnt change. Ex 2: In Vietnamese, take the word ph㠡⠻å ¸ as model M㠡⠺â ¹ tã'i n㠡⠺â ¥u ph㠡⠻å ¸ r㠡⠺â ¥t ngon. Khã ¡ nhi㠡⠻⠁u ngã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¢ i Ä‘ã n Ã'ng hi㠡⠻†¡n nay cã ³ tã†â ° tã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¥ ¸ng chã ¡n cã†â ¡m thã ¨m ph㠡⠻å ¸. ph㠡⠻å ¸ in the main sentence is a Vietnamese dish, however the subsequent sentence implies the significance of something new, particularly another ladies, not their spouses. Therefore, English and Vietnamese take after one another on this procedure of framing new things. Being utilized under numerous different conditions, the word itself produces various figurative implications. 4. Other arrangement a. Reduplication Both English and Vietnamese have reduplication. Notwithstanding, reduplication just holds onto few things in English. Vietnamese reduplication has two sorts: rehashing the entire word (ba, chã ¢u ch㠡⠺â ¥u, cã o cã o㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦) and rehashing a few segments of the word. In addition, we dont find numerous Vietnamese things which have a place with the subsequent kinds. The most extreme length of Vietnamese reduplicative words is close to four, and the base length is two. The greater part of the reduplicative words are two-word length. Some of reduplicative English words are: ping pong, flip failure, tick-tock㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦. b. Cutting As per Vã… Â © Ä⠐㠡⠻â ©c Nghi㠡⠻†¡u, Vietnamese just thinks about this procedure as impermanent structure or the expressed type of word. By definition, it doesnt occur with each word (Nghi㠡⠻†¡u 2007). bã†â °Ã£â€ Ã¢ ¡m bã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºm Æ'â bã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºm ki-lã'- gam Æ'â kã ­ lã' Ä⠐㠡⠺â £ng c㠡⠻â„ ¢ng s㠡⠺â £n Vi㠡⠻†¡t Nam Æ'â Ä⠐㠡⠺â £ng Though, English have loads of words was framed by cutting, for example, photograph from photo, rhino from rhinoceros㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ c. Abbreviation By utilizing the underlying letters of an expression as single word, abbreviation has created a huge number a word. Since those words were made by abbreviation are more paramount than the expressions, numerous individuals like this sort of thing development, particularly in names of certain associations. In English, we have AIDS, radar㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦. In Vietnamese, we likewise have some acronymic words, for example, TW from trung Æ⠰ã†â ¡ng, CLB for cã ¢u l㠡⠺â ¡c b㠡⠻â„ ¢. d. Mixing Mixes manage the activity of shortening and afterward consolidating variou