Noun Formation: English And Vietnamese

Thing Formation: English And Vietnamese As we as a whole know, word are the most significant unit in one language. We use words regularly, in numerous different fields of life: from work to contemplating, structure casual circumstance to formal circumstance. From word, we can make phrases, sentences to correspondence with one another under numerous structures. Among words, thing is a fairly vital part. Things have a few capacities in sentences. They can be the subject, an item, an appositive, or a supplement (Rakoczy). In this manner, thing development can be perceived as the sub procedure of word-arrangement, and it will share some equivalent trait of word development. My article is planned for distinguishing, examining and differentiating the thing arrangement among English and Vietnamese to amplify the likenesses and contrasts. In light of this paper, I would like to enable my perusers to clear about thing development and help the instructors have a widespread point of view of the unavoidable blunders of learning proces s in both Vietnamese and English students. Thing FORMATION IN ENGLISH Since thing arrangement is the sub-procedure of word-development, it additionally keeps the equivalent morphological standards of word-arrangement. Things are shaped by morphemes too. As indicated by the characterization, we have aggravating, appendage or determination, and transformation. All the more explicitly: Appendage or determination, structures things with joins. Aggravating is the blend of at least two morphemes. Transformation, additionally called zero induction, is the production of a word from a current word with no adjustment in structure (Conversion, 2001). For instance, word shifts from action word to thing without change of its morphemes. There is other thing development, for example, reduplication, cutting, mixing, abbreviations, and acquiring. Reduplication is rehashing a thing with an adjustment in the first place consonant or change in the center vowel. Cutting is a procedure which comprises in the decrease of a word to one of its parts (Marchand:1969). Cutting is otherwise called truncation or shortening. (Cutting, 2001), without changing its importance. Mixing is joining of abbreviated of at least two morphemes to frame another word. Then again, abbreviations are things utilizing the underlying letters in words, phrases, or appropriate names. Last is getting, which really has two sorts: utilizing the specific word from another the language and deciphering it actually, we frequently called the second kind calque or credit interpretation. Thing FORMATION IN VIETNAMESE Like English, thing in Vietnamese was additionally shaped by morphemes. In any case, the thing development from appendage doesn't show up in Vietnamese for what it's worth in English. The free morpheme and bound morpheme in Vietnamese are characterized in an unexpected way. All the more especially, the bound morpheme in Vietnamese can be utilized as a different word. In English, when the bound morpheme remains solitary, it doesnt make a full word. In Vietnamese, thing was shaped by consolidating two free morphemes, two bound morphemes, or one bound morpheme and one free morpheme. Therefore, thing is shaped by aggravating, change along with different techniques, for example, reduplication, cutting, abbreviations, and obtaining. Additionally, on account of the drawn out mastery of the Chineses traditions and French settler, the vocabularies which Vietnamese acquired from Chinese and French are various and different. CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 1. Attachment (Derivation) In this part, I will examine the attachment in English. The joins include prefixes and postfixes. For instance, from the descriptive word exacting, we just need to add the postfixes - cy to frame the thing proficiency. Along with the additions, the prefixes additionally add to the thing development. At the point when we offer another extra il-, we promptly have another thing absence of education which has the contrary significance to the thing proficiency. Therefore, the prefix of thing can change the significance of the beginning, yet it despite everything keeps up the word class. The addition, then again, when be appended to the base, it can change an action word to a thing or other word class. Some average postfixes for thing are: - subterranean insect, - er, - or, - ment㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦. Moreover, prefixes and postfixes contain some given implications which were shown underneath: Prefixes Which means Postfixes Which means Hostile to- Against - tude condition of Mis- wrong, off track - ist vendor, practitioner Post- After - ism regulation, conviction Dis- not, inverse of - ity condition Between between, among - cy condition De- dispose of - eer, - er, - or individual who 2. Compound things In English, aside from some single words are thing themselves, thing can be framed by numerous techniques, for example, some in table Compound examples Models Thing + Noun circulation system, coastline, cabinet Descriptive word + Noun hardboard, blueberry, softball Action word + Noun pool, clothes washer Relational word + Noun inbox, outbox, jacket Action word + Verb make-work, drop-kick Action word + Preposition breakaway, safehouse, takeaway Expressions Compound stock-in-exchange, relative Extraordinary Compound tetragon, paleontology As indicated by the table, there are numerous examples to shape a thing. Be that as it may, we can characterize all the examples into 3 classes: The strong or shut structure: two words were joined as single word. Ex: schedule, writing board. The hyphenated structure: two words are associated by a hyphen. Ex: child in-law, join up. The open or dispersed structure: the word comprises of two longer words, and regularly composed independently. Ex: high court, slow movement. In the mean time, in Vietnamese we have the planned compound thing and the head and-extra compound thing, which were likewise known in Vietnamese are t㠡⠻â « ghã ©p đ㠡⠺â ³ng l㠡⠺â ­p and t㠡⠻â « ghã ©p chã ­nh ph㠡⠻â ¥. The planned compound thing is the thing was worked from two parts with equivalent importance, for instance: ch㠡⠻â £ bã ºa, qu㠡â ºn à ¡o㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦. The planned compound thing frequently communicates the general and engineered meaning which was one primary concern that makes it not the same as the head and frill compound thing. The head and embellishment compound thing is the thing that includes two parts, in which one segment relies upon the other. The optional part will group the fundamental segment. For example: we have the primary part is Ä‘ã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¢ ng, which implies the best approach, and the subsequent one is s㠡⠺â ¯t, a sort of metal that made this sort of way. At the point when we join those two parts, we will have the new thing: Ä‘ã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¢ ng s㠡⠺â ¯t, which really implies railroad so as to recognize with Ä‘ã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¢ ng khã'ng, Ä‘ã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¢ ng th㠡â »y, Ä‘ã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¢ ng b㠡⠻â„ ¢Ã£ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦ 3. Transformation The transformation is an exceptionally intriguing procedure of shaping new word. It happens in both English and Vietnamese. Without changing its structures, we can change the significance of the word, even the word class (however I dont talk about word class-change since this paper is centered around the thing development, not the word arrangement) all the more explicitly, lets analyze these two models: Ex 1: Firstly, in English, with the word stop in 2 sentences The time has come to end the viciousness. I get off at the following stop. In the first, stop implies the demonstration of halting the savagery, however in the subsequent sentence, stop really implies a spot where a transport or train stops normally for travelers to jump on or off. Unmistakably, the type of the thing stop doesnt change. Ex 2: In Vietnamese, take the word ph㠡⠻å ¸ as model M㠡⠺â ¹ tã'i n㠡⠺â ¥u ph㠡⠻å ¸ r㠡⠺â ¥t ngon. Khã ¡ nhi㠡⠻⠁u ngã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¢ i Ä‘ã n Ã'ng hi㠡⠻†¡n nay cã ³ tã†â ° tã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¥ ¸ng chã ¡n cã†â ¡m thã ¨m ph㠡⠻å ¸. ph㠡⠻å ¸ in the main sentence is a Vietnamese dish, however the subsequent sentence implies the significance of something new, particularly another ladies, not their spouses. Therefore, English and Vietnamese take after one another on this procedure of framing new things. Being utilized under numerous different conditions, the word itself produces various figurative implications. 4. Other arrangement a. Reduplication Both English and Vietnamese have reduplication. Notwithstanding, reduplication just holds onto few things in English. Vietnamese reduplication has two sorts: rehashing the entire word (ba, chã ¢u ch㠡⠺â ¥u, cã o cã o㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦) and rehashing a few segments of the word. In addition, we dont find numerous Vietnamese things which have a place with the subsequent kinds. The most extreme length of Vietnamese reduplicative words is close to four, and the base length is two. The greater part of the reduplicative words are two-word length. Some of reduplicative English words are: ping pong, flip failure, tick-tock㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦. b. Cutting As per Vã… Â © Ä⠐㠡⠻â ©c Nghi㠡⠻†¡u, Vietnamese just thinks about this procedure as impermanent structure or the expressed type of word. By definition, it doesnt occur with each word (Nghi㠡⠻†¡u 2007). bã†â °Ã£â€ Ã¢ ¡m bã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºm Æ'â bã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºm ki-lã'- gam Æ'â kã ­ lã' Ä⠐㠡⠺â £ng c㠡⠻â„ ¢ng s㠡⠺â £n Vi㠡⠻†¡t Nam Æ'â Ä⠐㠡⠺â £ng Though, English have loads of words was framed by cutting, for example, photograph from photo, rhino from rhinoceros㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ c. Abbreviation By utilizing the underlying letters of an expression as single word, abbreviation has created a huge number a word. Since those words were made by abbreviation are more paramount than the expressions, numerous individuals like this sort of thing development, particularly in names of certain associations. In English, we have AIDS, radar㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦. In Vietnamese, we likewise have some acronymic words, for example, TW from trung Æ⠰ã†â ¡ng, CLB for cã ¢u l㠡⠺â ¡c b㠡⠻â„ ¢. d. Mixing Mixes manage the activity of shortening and afterward consolidating variou

A quel point la perscution des minorits refltait-elle la volont des Essay

A quel point la perscution des minorits refltait-elle la volont des powers d'occupation et quel point refltait-el - Essay Example La zone non occupee de la [France] et l'assistance necessaires organization economique.2 Il y avait des problemes majeurs. Les deux Francais et Britanniques ont combattu pour l'independance de la France. Dans la campagne de 1940 les Francais se sont battus courageusement, mais ... [l]es Britanniques ont combattu beaucoup in addition to obstinement ... ».3 Pour donner un peu de contexte, l'Allemagne avait acquis une partie de la France qui an ete envahie standard les gens.  «En tenant la moitie nord du pays et toute la cote Atlantique, l'Allemagne s'est approprie le partie la in addition to riche et le in addition to peuple de la France metropolitaineâ ».4 En raison de l'oppression de child peuple, la notoriety de Vichy est a jamais ternie. L'histoire de Vichy, en cette epoque, abonde en pareils trompe-l'?ilâ ».5 A la protection du peuple juif, les battles ont a l'Est. Standard resulting, au cours de la plupart des annees de battles sur le front de l'Est (ou la majeure partie de l'armee allemande an ete connect with), les conditions sont devenues de in addition to en in addition to semblables a celles sur le front occidental dans la Premiere Guerre mondialeâ ».6 Il semblait que beaucoup de gens meprisaient les Juifs, c'etait un estimation populaire et in the current style d'epouser a l'epoque. Image apres la guerre, Xavier Vallat revendiquee, avec quelque raison, que l'anti-semitisme de Vichy avait reflechi volonte populaire. Dans les registres tenus standard l'administration francaise au cours de 1940-1944 il ya des signes evidents de l'antipathie populaire pour les Juifs, en particulier pour les refugies juifs etrangers ... ... repandre sur les Juifs d'origine francaise ainsi  ».7 Pendant ce temps, le cerveau se reserve derriere la disparition du peuple juif etait Adolf Hitler-autrichien d'origine juive, vilipende les juifs et les exalte la race aryenne ci-dessus toutes les autres races. Tout le monde sait Adolf Hitler. Ideas du Troisieme Reich et la Seconde Guerre mondiale, [assurer] la  «Fuhrer » un endroit sur [dans l'histoire]. Mais la circumstance varie considerablement dans l'histoire de cet homme.†8 Allemands voulaient eliminer totalement le peuple juif. [L'Allemand] Armee et la Marine ... [A] l'avantage de la circumstance ... nouvelle [s] de faire valoir leurs interets.†9 Les gitans ont ete un autre peuple qui ont ete oppresss standard les Allemands. Si les desire allemandes en France concernees les moyens de maximiser l'exploitation de l'economie francaise dans l'interet de l'Allemagne, Vichy a saisi l'occasion fournie standard la conquete allemande de realiser un [efficace] cleanse de la societe francaise, et un remodelage de la France a child imageâ ».10 La oppression de toute personne consideree comme anormale an ete facilement acceptee standard la societe francaise. Cette  «purgeâ » de la societe francaise etait en effet l'un qui comprend un secteur significant de personnes-des personnes handicap ees, les personnes qui avaient des mutations congenitales, and so forth. Personne n'a ete epargne standard le excellent filet et le mal qui an ete coule pour tous ceux qui ont regarde differemment, agi differemment, ou ont vecu d'une maniere differente que le reste de la dynamique de la societe.Le francais de la

BookMachine Your Guide to the World of Publishing

BookMachine Your Guide to the World of Publishing Operating out of London, BookMachine.org describe themselves as a community for the people who make publishing happen. But what exactly does that mean? What can they do for us? Well, it turns out, a lot of things.EventsFor those living in London or nearby in Oxford, BookMachine hosts a variety of events ranging from instructional courses on developing e-books to developmental classes centered around increasing diversity in a prospective manuscript, or shopping your work to editors and publishers. These courses are developed by leaders in the industry, and they are designed to equip attendees with skills which will be assets in the publishing community. In addition, BookMachine partners with the London Book Fair each year. Members of BookMachine get 50% off of their tickets, and they gain access to networking events during the fair. All of these opportunities make a BookMachine membership an excellent opportunity if you live in or near London, but what about those of us who dont?Chann elsChannels are the most immediately helpful tools on the BookMachine website. Each channel is a compilation of free resources intended to support a certain field related to the publishing community. These channels provide everything from news and business articles, to interviews with authors and publishers, to speaking events with literary agents, to job postings in the industry. There are six of these channels, each affiliated with a BookMachine partner and tailored to that partners customers. The resources that each offers are extensive and free, so lets take a quick flip through them.The Business of Publishing Channel helps readers to keep an ear to the ground and to be up to date on developments in the publishing industry. It offers articles which address subjects such as the piracy of e-books and the effect this has on the industry, and the value of literary prizes and how these effect sales. This channel provides links to a host of video resources including interviews with em ployees inside Apple iBooks, and with booksellers and publishers who are well-known in the industry.The Design Channel offers some of the articles weve come to expect: 5 Author tips for briefing your designer and A guide on book title punctuation. The real meat of the channel though is in the frequent job postings and event notes. Positions for job titles such as junior designer and art director were available during my quick perusal, scattered about the page alongside a very helpful summary of the talking points at the recent Why we all need a good brief design conference. For those of us who cant attend these events in person, insight into the advice given at such conferences and access to job positions in the industry can be invaluable.The Tech Channel is hard-hitting for those of us who are savvy (or are seeking savviness) on the internet side of the publishing industry. Right off the bat, the first article is for a software developer â€" but if that doesnt sound like you, dont be concerned. There are plenty of resources for anyone who is seeking to expand his or her tech aptitude. Alongside the articles one might expect are some really interesting pieces on how VPAs (Virtual Personal Assistants like Alexa or Siri) and AI (Artificial Intelligence, such as the Google algorithms which find your website) can have a large effect on the marketing of a book. These articles explain how to optimize your advertisements based on the tools your potential readers are using to find your book. On top of all of these, there are links to several podcasts â€" great for listening to in the car, and delivering new information each week, for the low, low price of free.The Marketing and Publicity Channel provides a host of resources for small businesses, entrepreneurs, and authors on how to create a stir around their product. Like the other channels, job postings for Junior Marketing Executive and Online Marketing and Social Media Executive are scattered in alongside interview s, advice columns describing how to make your books stand out from the crowd, and reviews of changing standards in the industry. One such article addresses the very interesting and recently emerging ONIX meta-data management procedures which are meant to make books searchable by content in online stores and libraries. Adding simple meta-data to e-books can make them vastly more likely to be discovered.The Production Channel talks print production in articles such as smart, scalable and responsible print production, but it also examines work flow and new creative approaches to designing media in ways that couldnt be done in the past. One interesting article details the creation of an interactive animated storybook called Galdos Gift and the work that goes into pushing the boundaries of the publishing process, rather than placing the emphasis on the creation process. This section asks What can be done? with the technology available. The answer seems to be â€" quite a bit, and more as technology continues to advance.The Audio Channel may be my favorite of the six. Here is a collection of all the podcasts mentioned in the other sections, put into one place for easy access. It is also the place where authors or publishers can find advice about creating their own audio books and the markets related to those mediums. Articles here deal with early common misconceptions all the way to advanced techniques for remastering and eventually selling audio books in all formats.In addition to the channels, there is one extra little gem hidden away on the BookMachine website. Under the More tab on their main site, there are extra options. The first is the Water Cooler. For the job hunters out there, this section of the site functions as a networking platform and job board, and includes most of the jobs which are posted in the other channels, putting them all in one place.Professional resourcesOnce I finished browsing through the channels where BookMachine puts together their fre e articles, I clicked into their shop to see what a few wisely invested dollars might earn me. I was surprised to see that each of the e-books in their online store was also free. All I had to do was sign up for a free account. After I did so, I had access to four professionally written and developed digital articles which address editorial managers, business models in the digital age, the design process in publishing, and a report on the childrens and young adult literature consumer base. These are well-written and dense resources, but short enough that they can be read through quickly.MembershipBookMachine runs on a membership model and designs PR and marketing campaigns on a standard fee model. The average individual pays about £5.00 a month for membership (about $7.00 USD), and promoted memberships cost around £12.00 each month (about $16.00 USD). Both options offer a discount for a yearly membership, but purchasing a single month of membership to try before you buy is quite a ffordable when sampling BookMachines services to see if they are right for you.Each membership includes discounts with BookMachine partners (these include several design and marketing firms, as well as quite a few reputable publishing houses) and on BookMachine training courses, and it adds you to their members-only email competitions. The promoted membership gives you all of that, some additional tickets to BookMachine events, and a BookMachine profile meant to boost your visibility on social media and to act as a professional resource (like a LinkedIn profile) which you can use to represent your brand.Hiring BookMachineIf you are a company or an individual who is interested in having BookMachine create a PR campaign for your product, then they undertake every aspect from content creation, to PR campaigns, to social media management and Google AdWords placements. They have a number of user testimonials, and the costs of their services are based on the type of campaign you want to d esign, determined on a case-by-case basis.Their recent events speak to their abilities. They organized an event for Emerald Publishing which included speakers and authors discussing the future of academic publishing.The takeawayFor anyone working in a field related to publishing, the basic membership is a no-brainer. For small businesses or individuals who are looking to get their profile noticed in the publishing world, a membership can offer a useful tool for representing their interests professionally. For PR campaigns and marketing assistance, BookMachine seems like a trustworthy and reliable choice, and one that has already been successfully utilized by several companies in the industry. The success of events run by the BookMachine team should speak to their ability to provide the services needed to promote your product or brand.